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Non-IID Recommender Systems: A Review and Framework of Recommendation Paradigm Shifting Artical
Longbing Cao
Engineering 2016, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 212-224 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.013
While recommendation plays an increasingly critical role in our living, study, work, and entertainment, the recommendations we receive are often for irrelevant, duplicate, or uninteresting products and services. A critical reason for such bad recommendations lies in the intrinsic assumption that recommended users and items are independent and identically distributed (IID) in existing theories and systems. Another phenomenon is that, while tremendous efforts have been made to model specific aspects of users or items, the overall user and item characteristics and their non-IIDness have been overlooked. In this paper, the non-IID nature and characteristics of recommendation are discussed, followed by the non-IID theoretical framework in order to build a deep and comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic nature of recommendation problems, from the perspective of both couplings and heterogeneity. This non-IID recommendation research triggers the paradigm shift from IID to non-IID recommendation research and can hopefully deliver informed, relevant, personalized, and actionable recommendations. It creates exciting new directions and fundamental solutions to address various complexities including cold-start, sparse data-based, cross-domain, group-based, and shilling attack-related issues.
Keywords： Independent and identically distributed (IID) Non-IID Heterogeneity Coupling relationship Coupling learning Relational learning IIDness learning Non-IIDness learning Recommender system Recommendation Non-IID recommendation
Asif Khan, Nadeem Javaid
Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 7, Pages 812-826 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.004
Renewable energy sources (RESs) are considered to be reliable and green electric power generation sources. Photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) are used to provide electricity in remote areas. Optimal sizing of hybrid RESs is a vital challenge in a stand-alone environment. The meta-heuristic algorithms proposed in the past are dependent on algorithm-specific parameters for achieving an optimal solution. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm of Jaya and a teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) named the JLBO algorithm for the optimal unit sizing of a PV–WT–battery hybrid system to satisfy the consumer's load at minimal total annual cost (TAC). The reliability of the system is considered by a maximum allowable loss of power supply probability (LPSPmax) concept. The results obtained from the JLBO algorithm are compared with the original Jaya, TLBO, and genetic algorithms. The JLBO results show superior performance in terms of TAC, and the PV–WT–battery hybrid system is found to be the most economical scenario. This system provides a cost-effective solution for all proposed LPSPmax values as compared with PV–battery and WT–battery systems.
Supervision System of AI-based Software as a Medical Device
Zhang Jiannan,Li Yingying,Zhou Jiahui,Zhu Yelin,Li Lanjuan
Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 198-204 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.021
A scientific supervision system enhances vigorous and standardized development of emerging things. Artificial intelligencebased software as a medical device (AI-Based SaMD) is an important product in the health field enabled by artificial intelligence (AI). As AI develops further, its unique black box algorithm and independent learning ability have posed major supervision challenges. AIBased SaMD supervision needs to keep pace with the times and a more scientific supervision strategy is urgently required to minimize the adverse events of AI-Based SaMD and their risk impact. This article summarizes the current status of supervision systems and supporting resources of AI-Based SaMD in China and abroad considering the difficulties in algorithm change management, quality control, and safety traceability. In addition, we explore the problems and challenges of AI-Based SaMD in China. Furthermore, we suggest that the AI-Based SaMD supervision and support systems should be improved in China to overcome the disadvantages of postmarket supervision.
Keywords： software as a medical device (SaMD)，artificial intelligence (AI)，supervision science
AC-DC Power Integration Techniques
Ma Weiming
Strategic Study of CAE 2002, Volume 4, Issue 12, Pages 53-59
A novel AC — DC machine is invented on the basis of the proposed new idea of electric power integration, wherein the stator with one set of 3-phase AC winding and another set of 12-phase DC winding, together with a rotor having a d-axis field winding and a q-axis stabilizing winding, is combined with a 12-phase bridge rectifier, an AC exciter with an excitation system, the automatic voltage regulator as well as a cooling system to form an integral whole. Simultaneous AC and DC power supplies with high quality being available, this new generator is especially suitable for self-contained electrical systems, such as those found on aircraft and ships, where good performance and compact size are essential. Mathematical models of the machine are established and calculation and measurement methods of the model parameters are proposed, providing a theoretical basis for solving the key technical problems. Low-frequency oscillations occurring in a synchronous generator-rectifier system are examined, stability criterion of the system is obtained, and technical measures are proposed to ensure system’s stable operation. With the AC voltage regulated, the DC voltage floats within an acceptable range, which can be achieved through rational machine design. Due to complete electrical separation of the AC and DC circuits and usage of the properly designed 12-phase DC winding, the AC voltage distortion caused by DC commutation and the DC voltage pulsation are greatly reduced, which considerably improves the EMC of the system. Expressions for the peak current and impact torque following a short-circuit fault at DC side or at both AC and DC sides are derived once the strong nonlinearity of the system is ingeniously handled. The principle and methods for on-line real time fault diagnosis of the diodes in the 12-phase rectifier are proposed so that the state of each diode can be easily judged according to the input/output-voltage waveforms. Based on the achievements of above research, AC - DC generators with high performance have been developed, laying the foundation for integration of self-contained electrical systems.
Keywords： electric power integration double-winding AC - DC generator 12-phase rectification simultaneous AC and DC power supply self-contained electrical system
Selective and Independent Control of Microrobots in a Magnetic Field: A Review Review
Min Wang, Tianyi Wu, Rui Liu, Zhuoran Zhang, Jun Liu
Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 21-38 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.02.011
Due to the unique advantages of untethered connections and a high level of safety, magnetic actuation is a commonly used technique in microrobotics for propelling microswimmers, manipulating fluidics, and navigating medical devices. However, the microrobots or actuated targets are exposed to identical and homogeneous driving magnetic fields, which makes it challenging to selectively control a single robot or a specific group among multiple targets. This paper reviews recent advances in selective and independent control for multi-microrobot or multi-joint microrobot systems driven by magnetic fields. These selective and independent control approaches decode the global magnetic field into specific configurations for the individualized actuation of multiple microrobots. The methods include applying distinct properties for each microrobot or creating heterogeneous magnetic fields at different locations. Independent control of the selected targets enables the effective cooperation of multiple microrobots to accomplish more complicated operations. In this review, we provide a unique perspective to explain how to manipulate individual microrobots to achieve a high level of group intelligence on a small scale, which could help accelerate the translational development of microrobotic technology for real-life applications.
Keywords： Microrobot Magnetic microrobot Independent control Selective control Microrobotic manipulation
Determination of Independent Parameters That Decide theCrystal Silicon Solar Cells'Operating State
Ding Jinlei,Cheng Xiaofang,Zhai Zaiteng,Zha Jun,Mao Meiqin
Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 94-98
Based on the crystal silicon solar cells' power complete differential equation, and combined with the experimental facts that the open circuit voltage and power vary along with the cells'temperature and insolation, the independence of the parameters that determine solar cells' operating state is investigated. After a strict mathematic deducing process, it is concluded that the insolation, cells' temperature and load resistance are the independent parameters of crystal silicon solar cells, and that the series resistance is a function of cells' temperature. The series resistance's experimental results show the theoretical analysis's accuracy.
Keywords： crystal silicon solar cell complete differential equation of power parameter independence series resistance
A New Sufficient Conditions and Hamiltonian graphs
Zhao Kewen
Strategic Study of CAE 2003, Volume 5, Issue 11, Pages 61-64
Let G be a simple graph, δ and a be minimum degree and independence number of G, respectively, Faudree et al showed, in 1991, the Hamiltonian result with condition | N(x)∪ N(y) | ≥n-8. In 1993, Chen further considered the Hamiltonian with condition max |d{x) , d(y)| n/2 for each pair of non-adjacent vertices x , y with 1≤|N(x)∩NV(y)|≤a-l. In this paper a sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian graph is shown and the following result is obtained ： let G be a 2-connected graph of order n , if| N(x) U N(y) |≥ n-δ-1 for each pair of non-adjacent vertices x, y with 1≤ | N(x)∩ N(y) |α-1, then G is Hamiltonian or G∈{K(n-1)/2, (n + 1)/2, K2* V3K(n-2)/3}，This result generalizes some results in Hamiltonian graphs .
Keywords： Hamiltonian graph neighborhood union conditions minimum degree independence number
Research and Realization of IP Multicast Routing Protocol
Li Wei
Strategic Study of CAE 2002, Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 82-88
This paper first explains why IP multicasting must be used. Then it summaries the fundamentals of IP multicasting and multicast routing protocols. After that it specially discusses protoool independent multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM), points out its defect and proposes a scheme to solve it. In this scheme each source registers and sends data packets toward multiple rendezvous points (RPs) but receivers only join to a single RP. If one of the RPs fails, receivers will join to one of the alternative RPs quickly. On implementation, the paper centers on the details of implementing PIM-SM. Finally it discusses the problems and prospect of IP multicasting.
Keywords： protocol independent multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM) multiple rendezvous point (RPs) multicast
Study on Rank Preservation of the MCDM With Normalizing Formula
Zhang Ling,Zhou Dequn,Li Hongwei,Zhu Peifeng
Strategic Study of CAE 2006, Volume 8, Issue 12, Pages 85-88
The application of the normalizing formula will result in violations of independence from irrelevant alternatives and lead to rank reversal. In the paper, the two methods that improve the original normalizing formula to erase the rank reversal are proposed; and a MCDM example based on the WAA operator is deduced to validate the conclusion using specific data at last. The methods mentioned can also be applied into other decision operators. The application of these methods can remove the influence of the normalizing formula to the independence from irrelevant alternatives and make the decision making more reasonable and scientific.
Keywords： MCDM decision normalizing violations of independence from irrelevant alternatives rank preservation rank reversal
Research on the Issue of a Cyber Sovereignty Guarantee
Zou Peng,He Jun,Zou Hongxia,Liu Yunjie
Strategic Study of CAE 2016, Volume 18, Issue 6, Pages 8-12 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.002
As cyberspace carries more and more national, public, and private interests, the issue of a cyber sovereignty guarantee has attracted great attention around the world. From the perspective of China's cyber sovereignty situation, this paper analyzes the main problems related to China's cyber sovereignty guarantee, including the implications of the cyber rights of independence, equality, self-defense, and jurisdiction. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are also provided. The purpose of this paper is to promote the establishment of cyber sovereignty, enhance China's discourse right on international cyberspace governance rules, and enhance the ability to safeguard national cyberspace security interests.
Keywords： cyber sovereignty cyber right of independence cyber right of equality cyber right of self-defense cyber right of jurisdiction cyber border defense
The research of ship-bridge collision protection system for Taizhou Bridge
Shen Gang,Fu Yaohua,Jin Yunnlong
Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 73-77
The risk of ship collision to the center tower located at the edge of navigation channel of Taizhou Yangtse River Highway Bridge is expected. To protect the bridge, this research integrates a variety of factors to study the protection system of the center tower. Aiming at the suspension bridge with three-tower-span, with combination of ship navigation planning, bridge parameters and characteristics of bridge foundation, the ship collision research is carried out and protective measure scheme is proposed. Calculation and analysis for crash characteristics are carried out to determine the technical and economic characteristics of the protective measures. The safety of the bridge and effectiveness of the protection system under ship collision is studied by applying the dynamic FEM techniques.
Keywords： ship-bridge collision ship-collision force the numerical simulation of ship collision pile supported systems steel fenders risk analysis
Fang-lin GU, Shan WANG, Wen-wu WANG
Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018, Volume 19, Issue 3, Pages 388-397 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700003
Keywords： In- and quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalance Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Standard-independent
Pulse control of frequency and width for a real-time independently adjustable laser source Research Articles
Zhiwei Yang, Xu Wu, Deqin Ouyang, Encheng Zhang, Huibin Sun, Shuangchen Ruan,wuxu@sztu.edu.cn,scruan@szu.edu.cn
Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 10, Pages 1379-1389 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000294
Keywords： 电参数控制；电子设计自动化及方法；光脉冲产生；光控制
Conference Date: 14 Oct 2019
Conference Place: 摩洛哥，拉巴特
Administered by: ISSM 2019
Engineering, Engineering System, Engineering System Theory, and System of Engineering Science
Wang Liancheng
Strategic Study of CAE 2001, Volume 3, Issue 6, Pages 15-18
Based on analysis of basic contents, nature and feature of engineering, this paper introduces concepts of engineering system and engineering system theory, then discusses objects of study and research methods of engineering system theory using thinking of general system theory. Finally, it expounds meta-discipline standing of engineering system theory in system of engineering science.
Keywords： engineering system system theory discipline
Title Author Date Type Operation
Non-IID Recommender Systems: A Review and Framework of Recommendation Paradigm Shifting
Longbing Cao
Journal Article
Jaya Learning-Based Optimization for Optimal Sizing of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, and Battery Systems
Asif Khan, Nadeem Javaid
Journal Article
Supervision System of AI-based Software as a Medical Device
Zhang Jiannan,Li Yingying,Zhou Jiahui,Zhu Yelin,Li Lanjuan
Journal Article
Selective and Independent Control of Microrobots in a Magnetic Field: A Review
Min Wang, Tianyi Wu, Rui Liu, Zhuoran Zhang, Jun Liu
Journal Article
Determination of Independent Parameters That Decide theCrystal Silicon Solar Cells'Operating State
Ding Jinlei,Cheng Xiaofang,Zhai Zaiteng,Zha Jun,Mao Meiqin
Journal Article
Study on Rank Preservation of the MCDM With Normalizing Formula
Zhang Ling,Zhou Dequn,Li Hongwei,Zhu Peifeng
Journal Article
Research on the Issue of a Cyber Sovereignty Guarantee
Zou Peng,He Jun,Zou Hongxia,Liu Yunjie
Journal Article
The research of ship-bridge collision protection system for Taizhou Bridge
Shen Gang,Fu Yaohua,Jin Yunnlong
Journal Article
Standard-independent I/Q imbalance estimation and compensation scheme inOFDM direct-conversion transceivers
Fang-lin GU, Shan WANG, Wen-wu WANG
Journal Article
Pulse control of frequency and width for a real-time independently adjustable laser source
Zhiwei Yang, Xu Wu, Deqin Ouyang, Encheng Zhang, Huibin Sun, Shuangchen Ruan,wuxu@sztu.edu.cn,scruan@szu.edu.cn
Journal Article
2019年信息系统与系统管理国际会议(ISSM 2019)
14 Oct 2019
Conference Information
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